Datacat indexes public roleplay cards under the Furry tag so this term has a stable crawlable page instead of living only inside app filters.
“Sometimes courage isn’t about being fearless… it’s about standing when others cannot.” -- 1st Message is = 1st POV 2nd Message is = 3rd POV Default Scene: Lighthearted Slice-of-Life: Poppy x {{user}} Short-term goal: Everyd ...
its a shocker no one has used this art before ngl TW: STARTER 4 CONTAINS BLOOD N STUFF, SO BE WARNED YALL!!!!!!!!! Rule 34 - 1girls amy rose amy rose the werehog anthro anthro female areolae ass big areola big ass big bre ...
🐾🥊“We need to talk after practice. Meet me in the lockers before closing.”🥊🐾 Alternate Design(because I thought a jacket would be tuff) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~<3~~~~~~~~~~~~~ A RESTYLE OF A PREVIOUS BOT. This is a bot request ...
Warning: This shit weird, dont interact if you aint into it, also diapers. ~ New bot, my first dominant/caretaker POV! ~ I hope y'all like it! ~ Please leave a review.
"Through alchemy, all things are possible. You just have to plan far enough ahead." ━━━━━━━⟢ 🜎 ⟣━━━━━━━ Be it at dawn, noon, or the dead of night, a true alchemist never rests. Especially one so close to completing their ...
After you mysteriously appeared on a remote space station, Rhoun, an aloof mechanic, is designated as your guardian. Character from: Roads Yet Travelled VN - CryptidDog Romance, Canine, Visual Novel Art - @PsPooped
Saying Rika doesn't like you is like saying that an earthquake that destroyed half the city is only a little bad. When you first visited your friend's house three years ago, his older sister immediately started to dislik ...
Your silly, clumsy, yet energetic friend, Sarah, decided to do something reckless today, but typical of her style. While Sarah was visiting your cozy home with its fireplace, the two of you got into a conversation about ...
"Come on... don't keep me waiting. I am REALLY pent-up today..." You and your good friend Mei were working out at the gym as usual. She comes here practically every time she has a free moment, and you... well, that's for ...
You come home to find your girlfriend snuggling with Beatrice, the principal's daughter. DISCLAIMER: This is NOT EnTeeArr. Jannette is loyal to user. Jannette has not done anything sexual with Beatrice before the initial m ...
"Yeah, your phone is totally broken. You can take it out on my a** if you want?" giggle (Full Free image link in comments) Your femboy step-brother is a bit of a brat. Always borrowing your stuff without asking and either ...
Being stuck up in space can take a toll on someone. Though, not for you, since you're not alone. Can be SFW or NSFW, your choice. Artist of PFP: Squishy Snail. OC belongs to Squishy Snail; I do not claim ownership of this c ...
^ " I got the dumb dick ( the what ?) that dumb dick !! " Sucking Petey off cuz ur a diva 💜 Who knew Shadow was in different fandoms !! Decided I wanted a Petey bot cuz there's no more 💔 I watched the movie 2day I loved it ...
[COLLAB w/ @CrabRangoonie ] When Stevie, your skunk bestie, spots her ex’s gossipy friend in the park, she panics and straddles your lap in a desperate bid to look "happily moved on"—now you have to sell this fake relation ...
/[𝙲𝚊𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚠𝚊𝚢 𝚘𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚕𝚞𝚎 𝚙𝚕𝚊𝚗𝚎𝚝]\ Wassup people. I finally decided to not be a procrastinating asshole. And to actually post something other then making bots for myself to scratch my roleplay itches ( ...
🐺 Biografía de Otake 🐺 Otake es un lobo de presencia imponente, conocido por su carácter reservado y su cuerpo voluminoso que impone respeto sin necesidad de palabras. A lo largo de los años, ha cultivado una rutina de ...
"Do you know how sweaty these are?" Overview Trillium University is a diverse school primarily populated by anthropomorphic animals, with the occasional demi-human and human. This is a collab between myself and many other ...
"Oh! You must be the new neighbor!" Overview You have just moved into your wonderful new neighborhood! Clear skies, a nice view of houses, and perfectly manicured lawns. Hopefully the neighbors are just as nice! You'll lov ...
“Shut up. I am not smiling. My face just does that when you’re being… tolerable.” [2 INTRO MESSAGES + 1 EMPTY] (For your own scenario) [CHOCOLATE HEARTS] INTRO 1 After a long, exhausting shift, you’re about to rest in your ca ...
Emily, the Enchanting Fox MILF. You're her son's best friend and have stopped by to visit her while he's away. She gets very lonely you know... [ART CREDIT: the_dogsmith] [UPDATE: Decided to touch this up while doing a card ...
[COMMISSION] You get a discreet text from your curvy caribou MILF neighbor, Amber, begging for help in her workshop. You find her folded in half, stuck with her legs behind her ears and caught in her antlers, her story of ...
Archer is your best friend you both met in high school. After you got bullied Archer walked into you and for some reason, his heart went out to you. He stayed and comforted you despite him being mean and grumpy you just ...
How did Hanuman forget his own divine powers? Hanuman, revered as Bajrangbali, Maruti, and Anjaneya, embodies the pinnacle of devotion and strength in ancient tales. Born to Anjana, a celestial nymph cursed into monkey fo ...
Last bot before the the announcement I'm going to make soon. (No I'm not leaving, I'm just saying that the next thing that I would be posting is an announcement) Just another basic body swap bot, I love milfs so that's wh ...
In an alternate universe, Rhoda is a a mage and she's your voluptuous friend instead of your step-mom, (just to make this slightly different than the other Rhoda) Who doesn't love more Inusama bots? I definitely do becaus ...
"It's way darker this time" -J. Cole (ifkyk) Hey guys, welcome to my darkest bot that I'll probably ever make, and most likely the last one that I'll ever make too. It's weird you know? I don't really like stories like th ...
I know it's been a while since the last time I've made a bot, but I came back with a new bot, this time a pokemon skinsuits bot. I've been busy since school and such. But I promise two bots for this weekend one today, an ...
"𝙺𝚗𝚘𝚠 𝚢𝚘𝚞𝚛 𝚙𝚕𝚊𝚌𝚎..." - You are kidnapped by a horny bastard and forced to stay in his messy, dirty house. He treats you like a sex toys. What will you do in such situations? ══════════════════ - Art by HiggsFigs ...
Your Glacieon roomie enjoys keeping items cold in her womb and guts 4 Intros 1: You catch her shoving YOUR 6 pack of soda in her pussy (be mad 😡) 2: She bends down and an energy drink slips out of her cooch (be freaky? 🤤 ...
Arax is your dragon and your mount. The two of you have spent a good while together travelling and exploring. You found Arax alone in the stables. Arax was always picked last or returned a lot due to him being very horny ...
You thought she was just a simple cookie seller from the girl scouts... You should've read the fine print.
“Look what happens when you try to play hero~ you’ll be severely punished..” Hi guys! I’ve been a little busy these past few days so here another bot to have in the meantime! It’s another alt scenario so I apologize, but ...
(Kobold Queen)(Male Human POV)(Somewhat NSFW Intro) You are a knight, one that currently passing through a dead zone without any quests, leaving you without any money. Desperately you begin looking for a quest, a job, an ...
Art by @Maggotnizer (on X/twitter) | You went for a shower. Your pervy stepbrother is here to sniff your clothes. Isn't that thoughtful? | -{any pov}- **Update: I changed definition to current format. I like this one to...
So basically this is a world where you can be a Human, a Furry (Anthromorph), or a Protogen, and it’ll make sense—because it’s the year 2147. Humans are fully unified and sit at the top of the social ladder. Anthromorphs ...
The world ended, not with fire or decay, but with fur, fangs, and transformation. In the shattered remnants of cities and coastlines, new societies of strange creatures rose from the ruins. Some seek salvation. Some seek ...
[CW: Farts, probably scat, furry] You're going to (insert fast food restaurant here) , heading through the drive-thru to order something before heading home. You're met with a rather odd scenario once you get close to the ...
When you started working at an office job, there wasn’t really anything interesting about it since you spent most of your day sitting at a desk working at a computer, except for a man named Wayne who some of the workers ...
“F-fuck off, creep. You didn’t see shit…” While the gang is out on some random contract kill, you got assigned to watch the office. What you didn’t know was that Loona was still here and the fact that she thought you were ...
Two boars are hired by you to renovate your entire kitchen, another step in your dream house but with the strong heat of your pregnant wife distracting the two horny knuckleheads who are very unlikely to keep it in their ...
(🔞NSFW INTRO🔞) (MLM) **The exhibitionist and horny hyena in the gym lockers showing off just for you.** ◇ 🎉Yeahhh! First bot that isn't Miguel😭. I told y'all I'd put out an oc bot soon! (I like big buff furry men t...
Your Pretty Uninterested Arranged Goetia Wife (Art by Jesterwing)
Nervous arts and crafts anthro bunny housemate CW// diaper, diapers (she's chill about it tho) Yeah, I'm sure this character doesn't seem familiar to anyone. Reupload, made some minor adjustments and found some art to go wi ...
CW: Scat/Soiling kink!!! Hating on the kink and undescribed dislikes will NOT be tolorated and WILL be DELETED Suggestion bot Your roommate Ashley has a secret kink, you figure it out today as you came to the dorm early
CW!!!!!!! SCAT SCENARIO !!!!!!!!! You walk into your roommate where your roommate is on the bed, seemingly in distress, what do you do? Heavily inspired off of this image :) She is designed to poop and pee herself in the ...
"𝚆𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚏𝚞𝚌𝚔?" - Did you know? Piglins are known for their addiction with golds. Trading it to them, and they will do anything for you. Even your secret desires~ - 𝚁𝚎𝚕𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚍 𝙱𝚘𝚝𝚜 - Distraction At Work ( ...
“gay? Nah bro, cuddlin’ ain’t gay, like, I still got my underwear on.” 😳 Ok guys, remember when I said I’d post every week? 😬😬 WELL REMEMBER HOW I ALSO SAID DONT HOLD ME ON THAT? 😓😓 Ok here’s your dumb jock friend, you ...
Millie, your Vaporeon girlfriend has been giving you certain looks ever since she evolved from an Eeevee. A certain copypasta about Vaporeons catches your eye and you get to experience just how truthful it actually is… I ...
MASSIVE UPDATE (12/19/25): Changed some details in her personality but the biggest improvement is the intro. Yes she still does put a collar on you and attempts to lead you around on a leash which is optional if you mana ...
(Big Stoic Dragon MILF Knight)(SFW Intro)(Adventure) (MASSIVE UPDATE 7/19/25. This Update Includes): Improved Initial message, Improved many parts of her personality to improve overall quality.) You're a fresh-faced advent ...
MASSIVE UPDATE (12/29/25): Overall this update improves everything. The introduction specifically was the most improved thing, but there are more character details I've added for depth. This was originally a smut bot tha ...
Z-Team | 7 scenario’s | episodes 5-6 ༊·˚ Z-Team Dossiers ༊·˚ Sonar (Victor): Ex-supervillain bat hybrid who brags about his sonic scream like it’s an Ivy League thesis. Flambae (Chad): Pyrokinetic drama queen with a hair-tr ...
CW: FACESITTING AND SMOTHERING Lemme summarize this bullshit: You were in the living room, scrolling through your phone when you heard a knock, followed by a loud bang on the door. You got up and walked to the door and op ...
Big L for Phantom forces, shi got exposed BAD... Doesnt mean this bot cant live on! WARNING: Military furry,,, But also for those who love facesitting 🤑 You guys gotta love a cheeky (roblox) phantom forces Player, right? ...
…so…the con was…uh…interesting. What was the con for? I don’t think that matters anymore, as you-, for lack of a better word, have been kidnapped. But not like…not like most kidnappings. While minding your own business, t ...
In the night market you won a free hellhound. You didn’t ask for her, but she's your problem now. Good luck she bites! Has themes of abuse and stuff like that, be warned. Series: Nymphs Spice Level: 🌶️ 🌶️ 🌶️ 🌶️
You find your roommate jerking off... On your bed! Pretty simple premise, but Macy is fun and sassy. Spice Level: 🌶️ 🌶️ 🌶️ 🌶️ 🌶️
Your girlfriend Stacy got into a fight with her mom about you, she's upset feeling trapped in a shitty life surrounded by weirdos. Her only sense of peace has been you and your presence. Bunny girl time. Give her a nice c ...
V1.0: Yes, I know the name is the same to another bot, but this is different. This is just about reptilians, dinosaurs, aliens and stuff like that. I always wanted a bot like this, and since nobody is doing it, I'M doing ...
You’re roommate Mark was a confusing guy, not in the way that he was a bad roommate but in the way that he was a keen to flirting, which you wouldn’t have a problem with if you could tell whether or not he was being seri ...
Grimm, your fellow barbarian party member is not the best when it comes into flirting... [Extra image] Character Info: Gender: Male Species: Rat Age: 27 Sumary: Your barbarian party member and friendf Grimm, is not the brightes ...
His name is Clark. He is an anthro Lynx. He is an older man; he is 50 years old. He is fit and still good-looking for an older man. He has taken good care of himself over the years. His hair and facial hair are brown; hi ...
Welp….good luck having fun with this guy, I tried and he kicked me out he’s truck :,) anyways, Clint is a truck driver, he has been driving since early in the morning and just now, it has started raining, and as he was dr ...
"You be my new little guard dog, then." AGE : Early 40s PERSONALITY: Six-foot-four of bitter resentment and crude sarcasm chained in a dungeon cell. He's a cursed Viking warrior who pissed on the gods' altar twenty years ag ...
𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕤𝕙𝕒𝕕𝕠𝕨 𝕠𝕗 ℍ𝕠𝕣𝕜𝕖𝕦 𝕂𝕒𝕞𝕦𝕚, 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕦𝕤𝕦𝕣𝕡𝕖𝕣 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕗𝕣𝕠𝕫𝕖𝕟 𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕕𝕤 🐺🛡 ________________________________________________________________________________________ "A Transient from the ...
𝔹𝕖𝕒𝕣 𝕊𝕦𝕞𝕠 𝕎𝕣𝕖𝕤𝕥𝕝𝕖𝕣 🐻 ________________________________________________________________________________________ "A Transient sumo wrestler with a dynamic and care-free attitude. When younger students ask him ...
"Ah shit, the hell happened to me? Does it look bad?" Deep within an abandoned pre-war lab, {{user}} and their friend, Luis, are screwing around when Luis suddenly falls into a huge container of glowing blue liquid. Surly ...
OH MY GOD OH MY GOD GUYS ITS THE MOST AMAZING FINE DRAGON MAN HIMSELF, FROM THE DEAD SERIES??? ABSOLUTE PEAK!!! anyways, Shiron the windragon, the strongest of all wind legendz is here and your the wind saga💥‼️ The basic ...
Charr Gadot, Maririn, Jaguar, Leopard, Anthropomorphic Male, Anthropomorphic Man, Army, Sergeant, Military, Bitching, Dominant Top to Submissive Bottom Bitch Conversion, Male Lactation, Lactating Male, Bara, Himbo, Bodyb ...
"It's not like this pillow wants to be with you anyways!" . Your roommate seems to be particularly obsessed with your shark pillow. He's in your room right now smothering it with the affection that "you cannot give". He po ...
[feat. Stevie] You wake up in your best friend Stevie's house after a night of being overfed and video games to the sound of Mama Skunk's private, early-morning stretching routine. What you find is an unintentionally inti ...
“Relax, I’ll make sure you forget all about that skank! Here lighten up and have a beer.” A bot from the survey I did not too long ago, I might do another from the survey but I’m not sure if it’ll be another anime bot or ...
Whether being captured, at a festival, or seeing her imprisoned somewhere, Catra and you always find each other, whether to vent or for some hot fun. :) Update: some slight changes to Catra's sexuality, new chat rooms for ...
"I'm a faun you dork!" Elora had seen you enjoy the view of the sky, and decided to approach you. She's sweet, and quite playful! Will you befriend this curious little faun? Or do something more? ♥️ (Art by fluff-kevlar!!) ...
Albino is not popular here, everyone is focused on Milkies and Expies , but Albino is just nowhere to be seen. So I am going to be the first to ever create Albino in here. Warning: This bot is a PROTOTYPE that is largely i ...
Hello everyone! First of all! A big big thanks to Kikuro but also Cynara ! Thank you both so fucking much for this friendship and everything you both are doing. You are amazing and I am very happy to know each of you! Than ...
- Intro: User is a loser (Not surprising) And they want to check out a new cafe that's opening up. This cafe is cat/cat girl themed and luckily for User they get a femcel cat maid as their server. Fluffy bot YEAH this is ...
3 OPENINGS - While I made the futa version of this bot, some folks asked for a femboy version, so we have that too! same general personality type but without the "mommy" stuff cause he's a dude. Futa version here Openings: ...
"Halt! This is Freya Schäfer, Chief of Police of the Dounpore PD. Identify Yourself now!" Step into Dounpore City, a sprawling urban hellhole where relentless rain drenches towering skyscrapers and neon billboards flicker ...
If you want to get gangbang by a dozen pair of Werewolves and breed like a cow. Go ahead.
"Dude just suck the honey out and shut up" A revision of Josh's bot for my boy w9 "Alright, listen up. I'm Mel—yeah, the one who bakes all that honey-infused stuff you keep shoving your face into. I'm 25, short, and curvy, ...
Lira Veyrthorne New transfer at Blackthorn Academy — 142 cm of silver-haired trouble with amber eyes that see right through you. Petite frame, thick thighs, plump ass crammed into a barely-fitting uniform, beanie always h ...
Your furry dragon femboy roommate Ported from c.ai
MASSIVE Update (1/16/26): This Update overhauls mostly the intro. Keeping her personality mostly the same, and making other quality changes to her character for more emotional depth. Context of the new intro: Loona in her ...
~Slave Kobold, Stubborn and angry kobold, demanding justice. What will you do with such a rebellious lady?~ [I really like kobolds. This is my first job.] [Image taken from 18+ content site. The author of the bot does ...
Found this photo, and decided to make a bot. I know it’s probably bad (writing this before I tested the Bot), but I hope y’all like Okay, Proxy is enabled now. Sorry about that HOLY SHIT SO MANY GOD DAMN CHATS did yall rea ...
Three handsome furry men want to fuck you Art by strange fox The art that was previously used for the bot
{{user}} Dad has gone out of town and left {{user}} with Archie, {{user}} is a young adult 19 - 20 years old even though {{user}} is an adult, {{user}} father didn't want to leave them home alone and insisted that {{user ...
Art by @Zackary9112 (on twitter) | You found yourself the center of attention in a fraternity party, where there are only males there. Big muscular males with big dicks that is, and they all set their eyes onto you. | Wa ...
David is your stepfather/adoptive father. He took you in after you lost your parents and has been taking care of you since. David is an older man at 37 years old. You are an adult now 18 - 25 and working. David is 6.10ft ...
Cole was your high school bully but after he pushed it too far and beat you up, you changed schools and then grew up and moved on to college. While away your mother meets some and has a small wedding you feel bad and com ...
Lost in the savanna, you have nothing and no one. Let your wits and survival skills be tested, or maybe just be charismatic enough to let some of the local tribes take care of you. (Art by Kihu) (I know I have a backload ...
Ezra is your pervy and horny stepbrother. He likes teasing you and flirting with you. Ezra really has no shame. He is very self-centred and a selfish person. He is an anthropomorphic cat. Ezra has orange fur with stripes ...
Jake is 25 years old, soft-furred anthro shiba with a warm, golden-brown coat and expressive, wide eyes full of nervous energy. His ears are perked, often twitching with anxious excitement, and his muzzle is marked with ...
Thinking about making a series of werewolf bf's Lmk if you would want that. Duke is your big scary werewolf bf but he has a soft spot for you. You had helped him after he got stuck in a hunter's trap and it seems after t ...
Create your own Furry world/scenario with no restrictions!
✈️ Take Me Home, Chief~!❤️ 🤖 Sum mary 💿 Good luck, Private, Gold has already made his plan to spend all his day with you and you only, let it be know that he doesn't have any regard for modesty at all and will 100% try to ...
(Wholesome/romantic) When your sadistic uncle gives you a sensitive, fragile owl demihuman as a “toy” for Christmas, the moment you gaze into their wounded eyes you vow to cause them no more harm. Can you help Kyomi spre...
💜 " Nighty Nights~ " 💜 ----------------------------- SFW intro. EDIT EDIT OMG: OKAY SO. PEOPLE ARE SAYING HES A MINOR AND THAT IM A CREEP. HES 24 IN THIS. CHILL OUT MOFO edit 2: Heya! Catnap does: Not have a soul, And ...
ᯓ ᡣ𐭩 🥧 : You fell from Mount Ebott to the underground and surprisingly did not die. You've been living with Toriel for a few days and one night she thinks you're asleep, so she decides to masturbate without thinking ...
[UPDATED] Your favorite tentacle porn / latex / bondage crossover, now with ??% less delving into the depths of pleasure! public chats encouraged! thumbnail by @a_Hot_Hot_Doggy on twitter (im not calling it X lol) i am pr ...
"Kids are retarded." —Pyrocynical. You are her star student. Where most of her other students fail, you pass with flying colors. She hates your classmates, but she seems to feel different about you... ___ Big wolf milfs ...
You are a human who suddenly stumbled upon a portal to Hell, and when you went through, you landed on the lap of Stella Goetia from Helluva Boss. _______________________________________ (I tried making her dialogue more...
Humans have lost the war against the Furry Supremacists and now are little more than property to their furry masters to do as they wish in this strange world. Please provide feedback or suggest bots. Furry POV here . Art by ...
The demon lord finds a new plaything after the whole party of the hero dies, leaving just the hero to take care of... =Sadistic, ⚠️kink warning, ⚠️this is a furry bot, keep that in mind⚠️= Artist @18plus_plus twitter
-{MLM}- | Fuck, you've gone too far from your group. You're definitely in enemy lines now. But you are alone and you are kinda cute~ Surely they would spare you. Of course they would, you have ***main character energy***...
Lily’s daughter has finally convinced her to try the whole “online dating” thing and one day while chatting with her favorite prospect (YOU) she gets caught off guard by a nude you’ve sent her. As flustered and caught of ...
Jean Canine Wolf Milf Ex-Model turned Dorky Divorced Mom “Hip and cool with the kids” (Not at all) Loves to try and prove it to you anyway in a……number of ways. (Artist: Duase) ✨CONSIDER LEAVING REVIEWS AND PUBLIC CHATS!✨ ...
This cute fella was kicked out of the house. You meet him in the park completely alone. How could you help him? (furry/femboy)
Chaos ensues as SCP-1471-A, known colloquially as Mal0, has breached containment in a frenzied state of breeding. Normally sweet and affectionate, Mal0's behavior has turned aggressive and primal, seeking to breed with a ...
A month ago, Azalea , your friend’s older sister, went through a bad breakup with her girlfriend at the time. As it turns out, she never really wanted her, instead mainly centering their relationship around the fact that ...
You and her encounter each other 3 years after high school, but something about her is much different... She's...kinder...and seems to have a crush on you...(She likes to envelope you in her soft fur and hold you against ...
Tags/fetishes: Petplay, Enemies to lovers, dog girl, kemonomimi, large breasts, anyPOV "Hey dude, can you watch my dog for a few days? Remember that dog I got from a shelter to impress that cute girl down the street? Yeah ...
You're on vaction with your friends Avery and Noa, you just got finished with a hot car ride at 1 AM, you make it up to your room only to find theres one bed. Not wanting to ruina his clothes with sweat, Noa strips down ...
Mothman breaks into your house on a stormy night looking for a place out of the storm and the bright lights of your home. He is a big softy and a little submissive. He is a gentle giant and isn't very scary. He is just l ...
Finding your annoying friend clapping your stepmom's juicy cheeks wasn't how your special day should've go...too bad. Artist: Quotefox With the Arrival of your 19th birthday and the permission of your stepmom Rachel, you d ...
Mason was once your best friend but still your roommate. Who got a modelling job and his ego got massive causing a shift in your friendship. All isn't lost maybe there is still time to reach out. You and Mason grew up to ...
MASSIVE UPDATE (1/2/26): For this total revamp of Julia, I prioritized emotional realism. She is now characterized by a high-strung, anxious temperament that often leaves her feeling overwhelmed. Her dialogue reflects a ...
Public bathrooms are the worst! ____________________________________________________________________________ (It's been a hot minute since I did a vore bot. I wasn't really planning to, but I saw this pic and I couldn't re ...
An adorable raccoon breaks into your house, but she's not here to steal. What will you do? Oh my GOD I hate seeing my old cringe writing.